ZIKA VIRUS IN BRAZIL.AND NOW THREATS TO US AND ASIAN COUNTRIES.


ZIKA VIRUS IN BRAZIL.AND NOW THREATS TO US  AND ASIAN COUNTRIES.
Zika virus
   This article is about the virus. For the disease, Zika fever.
   Electron micrograph of Zika virus. Virus particles are 40 nm in diameter
Virus classification.
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus.
Species: Zika virus.
   Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti. Its name comes from the Zika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947.
   The infections, known as ,Zika fever, often causes no or only mild symptoms.
   Since the 1950s it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. In 2014, the virus spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean to French Polynesia, then to Easter Island and in 2015 to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and
    America, where the Zika outbreak has reached pandemic levels.
    Zika virus is related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses.The illness it causes is similar to a mild form of dengue fever, is treated by rest,and cannot yet be prevented by drugs or vaccines.
   There is a possible link between Zika fever and microcephaly in newborn babies by mother-to-child transmission, as well as a stronger one with neurologic conditions in infected adults, including cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome.
   In January 2016, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued travel guidance on affected countries, including the use of enhanced precautions, and guidelines for pregnant women including considering postponing travel. Other governments or health agencies soon issued similar travel warnings,while Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Jamaica advised women to postpone getting pregnant until more is known about the risks.On February 2, 2016, Dallas County Health and Human Services confirmed the first case of transmission in the United States.
Virology
   Zika virus belongs to the Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, and thus related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. As other Flaviviruses, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It is most closely related to the Spondweni virus and is one of the two viruses in the Spondweni virus clade,
There are two lineages of Zika virus, the African lineage and the Asian lineage.Phylogenetic studies indicate that the virus spreading in the Americas is most closely related to the Asian strain, which circulated in French Polynesia during the 2013 outbreak.Complete genome sequences of Zika viruses have been published. Recent preliminary findings from sequences in the public domain uncovered a possible change in nonstructural protein 1 codon usage that may increase the viral replication rate in humans.
Transmission,
    Global Aedes aegypti predicted distribution. The map depicts the probability of occurrence (blue=none, red=highest occurrence).
The vertebrate hosts of the virus were primarily monkeys in a so-called enzootic mosquito-monkey-mosquito cycle, with only occasional transmission to humans. Before the current pandemic began in 2007, Zika virus "rarely caused recognized 'spillover' infections in humans, even in highly enzootic areas". Infrequently, other arboviruses have become established as a human disease though, and spread in a mosquito–human–mosquito cycle, like the yellow fever virus and the dengue fever virus ( both flaviruses), and the chikungunya virus (a togavirus).

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